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world monetary situation

Толкование Перевод

1 world monetary situation

мировое валютное положение ;

Англо-Русский словарь финансовых терминов > world monetary situation
2 world monetary situation

Дипломатический термин: мировое валютное положение

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > world monetary situation
3 world monetary situation

мировое валютное положение

Англо-русский дипломатический словарь > world monetary situation
4 world monetary situation

мировое валютное положение

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > world monetary situation
5 situation

n

ситуация, обстановка, положение (дел)

- exigencies of the situation

- aggravation of a dangerous situation

- be in a difficult situation

- aggravate a situation

- bring a situation under control

- size up a situation

- soberly evaluate a situation

- review a situation

- redress a situation

- mend a situation

- normalize a situation

- retrieve a situation

- stabilize a situation

- the situation is fluid

- deteriorating situation

- aggravate the international situation

- socioeconomic situation

- crisis situation

- world economic situation

- legal situation created through the execution of the treaty

- alterations in the economic situation

- situation of strain

- strategical situation

- situation of stability

- emergency situation

- demand-supply situation

- explosive situation

- deal with a situation of strain

- prevent the development of explosive situations

- political situation

- complicated political situation

- current business situation

- world food situation

- world payment situation

- exacerbate the international situation

- financial situation

- world monetary situation

- credit situation

- international situation

- economic situation

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > situation
6 situation

положение ; ситуация ; ? labour situation ; ? world economic situation ; ? world food situation ; ? world monetary situation ; ? world payment situation ;

Англо-Русский словарь финансовых терминов > situation
7 мировое валютное положение

Diplomatic term: world monetary situation

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > мировое валютное положение
8 unión

f.

1 union, concord, togetherness.

2 union, binding, binding together, linkage.

3 union, labor union, trade union.

4 link, bonding, join, bond.

5 union, coalition, league.

6 union, adherence, cling, coalescence.

7 junction, bind.

8 henosis, junctura.

* * *

unión

► nombre femenino

1 union

2 TÉCNICA (acoplamiento) joining; (junta) joint

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

en unión de together with

la unión hace la fuerza there is strength in numbers

* * *

noun f.

1) union

2) joint

* * *

SF

1) (=acción)

a) [de puntos, extremos] joining together; [de empresas] merger

la operación consiste en la unión de los extremos del hueso fracturado — the operation consists of joining together the two ends of the fractured bone

crearon el nombre de la empresa mediante la unión de sus apellidos — the name of the company was created by joining together o combining their surnames

solicitaron su unión a la OTAN en 1993 — they applied to join NATO in 1993

b)

en unión con o de — (=acompañado de) together with, along with; (=en asociación con) in association with, together with

viajó a París en unión de sus colegas — he travelled to Paris together with o along with his associates

la construcción del centro fue concedida a Unitex, en unión con otra empresa — the contract to build the centre was awarded to Unitex, in association with another firm

2) (=cualidad) unity

hemos fracasado por falta de unión — we have failed through lack of unity

la unión de los cristianos está muy lejana todavía — Christian unity is still a long way off

- la unión hace la fuerza

3) (=organización)

unión aduanera — customs union

Unión Europea — European Union

Unión General de Trabajadores — Esp socialist union confederation

Unión Monetaria (Europea) — (European) Monetary Union

Unión Panamericana — Pan-American Union

Unión Soviética — ( Hist) Soviet Union

4) [de pareja] (=matrimonio) union

su unión en santo matrimonio — their union in holy matrimony

unión consensual — common-law marriage

unión de parejas de hecho — civil union

unión libre — cohabitation

5) (Mec) joint

punto de unión — junction ( entre between)

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( acción)

la unión de las dos empresas — the merger of the two companies

la unión de estos factores — the combination of these factors

la unión hace la fuerza — united we stand

b) ( agrupación) association

c) la Unión Americana (Méx) (Period) ( Estados Unidos) the United States

2) ( relación) union, relationship; ( matrimonio) union, marriage

3) ( juntura) joint

* * *

= coming together, joining together, linkage, confounding, piecing together, union, junction, marriage, togetherness, bringing together, conjoining.

Ex. Knowledge generally evolves from an identifiable base, and often new subjects arise from the coming together of two previously separate subjects.

Ex. Such schemes are essentially analytical in nature, but do not permit any synthesis or joining together of concepts that have been divided from one another.

Ex. We have just stated that the linkage of varying titles and varying forms of entry have to be done on the same basis in an automated situation as in a manual situation.

Ex. The confounding of opposites is also common though, again, care has to be taken to see that we do not confound two subjects on which extensive literature exists.

Ex. Progress in research is dependent on the piecing together of items of information from many sources.

Ex. By such mutual assistance, the wits and endeavours of the world may no longer be as so many scattered coals, or firebrands, which, for want of union are soon quenched, whereas, being but laid together, they would have yielded a comfortable light and heat.

Ex. People value the public library highly as an educational and community resource and the library acts as an 'information junction' to bind the community together.

Ex. Multimedia encyclopedias on CD-ROM are a nearly perfect marriage of technology and content.

Ex. Mayo maintained that workers are motivated by ' togetherness' and crave individual recognition within the group = Mayo mantenía que los trabajadores se motivan por la solidaridad y anhelan el reconocimiento individual dentro del grupo.

Ex. I have already mentioned that the bringing together of the various editions is the real problem.

Ex. This sign is in effect a prototypical example of the conjoining of words and images.

----

* falta de unión = disunity.

* la unión hace la fuerza = strength in numbers, strength in numbers.

* unión civil = civil union.

* unión monetaria = monetary union.

* Unión Monetaria Europea (UME) = European Monetary Union (EMU).

* unión política = political union.

* Unión Soviética, la = Soviet Union, the, USSR, the.

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( acción)

la unión de las dos empresas — the merger of the two companies

la unión de estos factores — the combination of these factors

la unión hace la fuerza — united we stand

b) ( agrupación) association

c) la Unión Americana (Méx) (Period) ( Estados Unidos) the United States

2) ( relación) union, relationship; ( matrimonio) union, marriage

3) ( juntura) joint

* * *

= coming together, joining together, linkage, confounding, piecing together, union, junction, marriage, togetherness, bringing together, conjoining.

Ex: Knowledge generally evolves from an identifiable base, and often new subjects arise from the coming together of two previously separate subjects.

Ex: Such schemes are essentially analytical in nature, but do not permit any synthesis or joining together of concepts that have been divided from one another.

Ex: We have just stated that the linkage of varying titles and varying forms of entry have to be done on the same basis in an automated situation as in a manual situation.

Ex: The confounding of opposites is also common though, again, care has to be taken to see that we do not confound two subjects on which extensive literature exists.

Ex: Progress in research is dependent on the piecing together of items of information from many sources.

Ex: By such mutual assistance, the wits and endeavours of the world may no longer be as so many scattered coals, or firebrands, which, for want of union are soon quenched, whereas, being but laid together, they would have yielded a comfortable light and heat.

Ex: People value the public library highly as an educational and community resource and the library acts as an 'information junction' to bind the community together.

Ex: Multimedia encyclopedias on CD-ROM are a nearly perfect marriage of technology and content.

Ex: Mayo maintained that workers are motivated by ' togetherness' and crave individual recognition within the group = Mayo mantenía que los trabajadores se motivan por la solidaridad y anhelan el reconocimiento individual dentro del grupo.

Ex: I have already mentioned that the bringing together of the various editions is the real problem.

Ex: This sign is in effect a prototypical example of the conjoining of words and images.

* falta de unión = disunity.

* la unión hace la fuerza = strength in numbers, strength in numbers.

* unión civil = civil union.

* unión monetaria = monetary union.

* Unión Monetaria Europea (UME) = European Monetary Union (EMU).

* unión política = political union.

* Unión Soviética, la = Soviet Union, the, USSR, the.

* * *

unión

feminine

A

1

(acción): la unión de las dos empresas the merger of the two companies

con la unión de nuestros esfuerzos by combining our efforts

la unión de estos factores the combination of these factors

la unión hace la fuerza united we stand

2 (agrupación) association

3

la Unión Americana ( Méx) (Estados Unidos) the United States, the States ( colloq)

B (relación) union, relationship; (matrimonio) union, marriage

de esta unión nacieron dos hijos two children were born of this union

C (juntura) joint

Compuestos:

● unión civil

(homosexual) ≈ civil partnership; (heterosexual) ≈ couple in a stable relationship ( who acquire legal rights and responsibilities)

● unión de hecho

unión civil

● unión libre

( AmL) unmarried union; cohabitation

● Unión de Industrias de la Comunidad Europea

(UE) Union of Industrial and Employers' Confederations of Europe

● Unión Económica y Monetaria

(UE) Economic and Monetary Union

● Unión Europea

European Union

● Unión Europea Occidental

(UE)

Western European Union

● Unión Soviética

( Hist) Soviet Union

* * *

unión sustantivo femenino
1
a) ( acción):

◊ la unión de las dos empresas the merger of the two companies;

la unión de estos factores the combination of these factors
b) ( agrupación) association

c)

◊ la Uunión Americana (Méx) (Period) the United States

2 ( relación) union, relationship;
( matrimonio) union, marriage
3 ( juntura) joint
unión sustantivo femenino
1 (coalición) union
Unión Europea, European Union
2 (asociación) association
unión de consumidores, consumers' association
3 (cohesión) unity
4 (matrimonio, ligazón) union
5 (juntura) joint
' unión' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abogada
- abogado
- camaradería
- cohabitación
- conflictividad
- fracturar
- revigorizar
- sindical
- sindicarse
- sindicato
- soldadura
- UE
- UEFA
- unidad
- URSS
- alianza
- casamiento
- conjunción
- empate
- enlace
- gremial
- gremio
- llamar
- sindicalismo
- sindicalizarse
- Unión Europea
- Unión Soviética
- vínculo
English:
connection
- EMU
- EU
- European Union
- inflame
- intervene
- mating
- membership
- mismatch
- rep
- togetherness
- trade union
- trades union
- union
- Union Jack
- belong
- blue
- capacity
- European
- join
- joint
- labor union
- marriage
- official
- rank
- shop
- Soviet
- student
- trade
- TUC
- USSR

* * *

unión nf

1. [asociación] union;

en unión con o [m5]de together with;

acudió a la ceremonia en unión de su familia she attended the ceremony together with her family

Comp
unión aduanera customs union;
Unión Africana African Union;
Méx la Unión Americana the United States;
la Unión Europea the European Union;

Unión Monetaria Monetary Union;
Antes Unión Soviética Soviet Union
2. [acción] joining, union;

un compuesto es el resultado de la unión de dos palabras a compound is the result of the joining of two words;

la unión de las dos empresas the union o merger of the two companies

3. [juntura, adherimiento] join, joint

4. [cohesión] unity;

hay que potenciar la unión entre los ciudadanos we must foster a sense of unity among citizens;

Comp

la unión hace la fuerza unity is strength

5. [matrimonio] marriage, union

Comp
unión de hecho unmarried couple
* * *

unión

f

1 union;

la unión hace la fuerza united we stand

2 TÉC joint

* * *

unión nf, pl uniones

1) : union

2) juntura: joint, coupling

* * *

unión n

1. (enlace) union

2. (unidad) unity

la unión hace la fuerza unity is strength

Unión Europea European Union

Spanish-English dictionary > unión
9 dominer

dominer [dɔmine]

➭ TABLE 1

1. transitive verb

   a. to dominate ; [+ adversaire, concurrent] to outclass ; [+ sentiment] to control ; [+ sujet] to master

• il voulait dominer le monde he wanted to rule the world

• se laisser dominer par ses passions to let o.s. be ruled by one's passions

• se faire dominer par l'équipe adverse to be outclassed by the opposing team

• elle ne put dominer son trouble she couldn't overcome her confusion

   b. ( = surplomber) to overlook

• la terrasse domine la mer the terrace overlooks the sea

• de là-haut on domine la vallée from there you look down over the whole valley

2. intransitive verb

   a. ( = être le meilleur) [nation] to hold sway ; [équipe sportive] to be on top

• dominer de la tête et des épaules (figurative) to be head and shoulders above the others

   b. ( = prédominer) [caractère, défaut, qualité] to predominate ; [idée, théorie] to prevail ; [préoccupation, intérêt] to be dominant ; [couleur] to stand out

• c'est l'ambition qui domine chez lui ambition is his dominant characteristic

• c'est le jaune qui domine the predominant colour is yellow

3. reflexive verb

► se dominer to control o.s.

• il ne sait pas se dominer he has no self-control

* * *
dɔmine
1.

verbe transitif

1) ( surplomber) [maison, montagne] to dominate [ville, vallée]; ( dépasser) [gratte-ciel, sommet] to tower above [quartier, montagnes]

de là, on domine toute la vallée — from there you get a view of the whole valley

il est tellement grand qu'il domine tout le monde — he's so tall that he towers over everyone

2) (s'imposer dans, contre) to dominate [match, sport, débat]; to overshadow [adversaire]

3) ( prévaloir dans) [thème, problème] to dominate [œuvre, débat]

4) ( maîtriser) to master [langue, technique, sujet]; to overcome [peur, timidité]; to control [colère]

dominer la situation — to be in control of the situation

5) ( avoir la haute main sur) to dominate [marché, secteur]

6) Politique ( gouverner) to rule [pays]

2.

verbe intransitif

1) ( exercer son pouvoir) [pays, peuple] to rule, to hold sway

2) ( être en tête) [équipe, concurrent] to be in the lead

3) ( prévaloir) [impression, idée] to prevail; [couleur, goût, parfum] to stand out

c'est la persévérance qui domine chez lui — his chief characteristic is perseverance

3.

se dominer verbe pronominal [personne] to control oneself

* * *
dɔmine
1. vt

1) (= imposer son autorité sur) [pays, ennemi] to dominate

2) [passions] to control

3) (= s'imposer contre) [adversaire] to come out on top against

L'Écosse a finalement dominé l'Eire par 3 buts à 2. — Scotland eventually came out on top against Ireland by 3 goals to 2.

4) [village, maison, endroit] to overlook

2. vi

1) SPORT to dominate

Ils ont dominé pendant toute la rencontre sans réussir à s'imposer. — They dominated throughout the match but didn't make it count.

2) [personne, groupe] to be in the dominant position

dominer sur — to dominate

3) [couleur, thème] to dominate

* * *

dominer verb table: aimer

A vtr

1 ( surplomber) [maison, montagne] to dominate [ville, vallée]; ( dépasser) [gratte-ciel, sommet] to tower above [quartier, montagnes]; de là, on domine toute la vallée from there you get a view of the whole valley; du haut de la tour, on domine toute la ville from the top of the tower, you get a view of the whole town; il est tellement grand qu'il domine tout le monde he's so tall that he towers over everyone;

2 (s'imposer dans, contre) to dominate [match, sport, débat]; to overshadow [adversaire, équipe]; il a dominé le cyclisme mondial pendant dix ans he dominated world cycling for ten years; il domine de loin les autres concurrents he completely overshadows the other competitors; ils ont été dominés pendant la première mi-temps they were outplayed in the first half;

3 ( prévaloir dans) [idée, thème, problème] to dominate [œuvre, débat]; les questions monétaires ont dominé le débat monetary issues dominated the debate;

4 ( maîtriser) to master [langue, technique, sujet, émotion]; to overcome [peur, timidité]; to control [colère]; dominer la situation to be in control of the situation; il se laisse dominer par ses passions his heart rules his head;

5 ( avoir la haute main sur) to dominate [marché, secteur]; dominer l'économie mondiale to dominate the world economy; il est dominé par son frère he's dominated by his brother; il se laisse dominer par sa femme he's hen-pecked;

6 Pol ( gouverner) to rule [pays]; leur rêve était de dominer le monde their dream was to rule the world.

B vi

1 ( exercer son pouvoir) [pays, peuple] to rule, to hold sway;

2 ( être en tête) [équipe, sportif, concurrent] to be in the lead; il a dominé pendant toute la course he was in the lead throughout the race; elle a dominé pendant les deux premiers sets she led during the first two sets;

3 ( prévaloir) [impression, idée] to prevail; [couleur, goût, parfum] to stand out; tel est le sentiment qui domine dans l'opinion publique this is the prevailing public mood; c'est le cassis qui domine the flavour^GB is mainly blackcurrant; c'est la persévérance qui domine chez lui his chief characteristic is perseverance.

C se dominer vpr [personne] to control oneself.

[dɔmine] verbe transitif

1. POLITIQUE [nation, peuple] to dominate, to rule

2. [contrôler - marché] to control, to dominate

ils ont dominé le match they had the best of ou they controlled the match

3. [influencer - personne] to dominate

elle domine complètement son patron she's got her boss under her thumb

4. [surclasser] to outclass

ils se sont fait dominer en mêlée they were weaker in the scrums

elle domine toutes les autres danseuses she outclasses the other dancers

5. [colère] to control

[complexe, dégoût, échec, timidité] to overcome

[passion] to master, to control

[matière, question] to master

dominer la situation to be in control of the situation

6. [prédominer dans - œuvre, style, débat] to predominate in, to dominate

(en usage absolu) [couleur, intérêt] to predominate, to be predominant

[caractéristique] to dominate, to be dominant

[idéologie, opinion] to prevail

les femmes dominent dans l'enseignement women outnumber men in teaching

7. [surplomber] to overlook, to dominate

dominer quelqu'un de la tête et des épaules

a. (sens propre) to be taller than somebody by a head

b. (figuré) to tower above somebody, to be head and shoulders above somebody

————————

se dominer verbe pronominal (emploi réfléchi)

to control oneself

ne pas savoir se dominer to have no self-control

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > dominer
10 fondo

m.

1 bottom.

doble fondo false bottom

fondos bottom (de embarcación)

bajos fondos (figurative) underworld

sin fondo bottomless

tocar fondo to scrape along the sea/river bed; (embarcación) to bottom out (figurative) (crisis)

su popularidad ha tocado fondo their popularity has reached an all-time low o rock bottom

2 back.

al fondo de at the end of; (calle, pasillo) at the back of (sala)

3 depth.

tener un metro de fondo to be one meter deep

4 background.

sobre fondo negro on a black background

al fondo in the background

5 heart, bottom.

llegar al fondo de to get to the heart o bottom of

el problema de fondo the underlying problem

la cuestión de fondo the fundamental issue

en el fondo deep down; (en lo más íntimo) basically (en lo esencial)

6 fund (finance) (de dinero).

a fondo perdido non-returnable

fondos funds (capital)

estar mal de fondos to be badly off; (persona) to be short of funds (empresa)

recaudar fondos to raise funds

fondo de amortización sinking fund

fondo de comercio goodwill

fondo común kitty

fondo de garantía de depósito deposit guarantee fund

fondo de inversión investment fund

fondo de inversión mobiliaria trust fund (British), mutual fund (United States)

fondo Monetario Internacional International Monetary Fund

fondo de pensiones pension fund

fondos reservados = contingency funds available to ministries, for which they do not have to account publicly

7 catalog, collection.

fondo editorial backlist

8 reason, basis (fundamento).

9 substance.

10 stamina (sport) (resistencia).

de fondo long-distance

de medio fondo middle-distance

11 petticoat (combinación). (Colombian Spanish, Mexican Spanish)

12 core, root, bottom.

13 bed, lowest part.

* * *

fondo

► nombre masculino

1 (parte más baja) bottom

■ en el fondo del pozo at the bottom of the well

■ hay un fondo de verdad en lo que dice there is an element of truth in what he says

2 (parte más lejana) end, back

■ al fondo de la sala at the back of the hall

■ al fondo del pasillo at the end of the corridor

3 (segundo término) background

4 (profundidad) depth

■ tiene poco fondo it's not very deep

5 (aguante) stamina

■ estoy entrenando para coger fondo I'm training to build up my stamina

6 FINANZAS fund

7 (de libros etc) stock

8 (motivo) reason; (raíz) root

■ el fondo de nuestra protesta the reason for our protest

■ esto no toca el fondo de la cuestión this does not get to the root of the question

► nombre masculino plural fondos

1 (dinero) funds, money sing

■ recaudamos fondos a beneficio de los necesitados we raise funds for the needy

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a fondo (adjetival) thorough 2 (adverbial) thoroughly

a fondo perdido nonrecoverable, nonreturnable

■ les concedieron una subvención a fondo perdido they were given a grant

de... en fondo... abreast

en el fondo figurado deep down, at heart

reunir fondos to raise funds

tocar fondo (barco) to touch bottom 2 figurado to reach rock bottom

fondo común kitty

fondo de inversión investment fund

fondo de pensiones pension fund

Fondo Monetario Internacional International Monetary Fund

fondo del mar sea bed

fondo y forma form and substance

fondos bloqueados frozen assets

fondos disponibles available funds, liquid assets

fondos públicos public funds

* * *

noun m.

1) bottom

2) back, rear

3) background

4) fund

* * *

SM

1) [parte inferior] [de caja, botella, lago, mar] bottom; [de río] bed

descendieron al fondo del cráter — they got down to the bottom of the crater

• los bajos fondos — the underworld

• una maletín con doble fondo — a case with a false bottom, a false-bottomed case

en todo lo que dice hay un doble fondo — there's a double meaning in everything he says

• irse al fondo — to sink to the bottom

• en el fondo del mar — [gen] at the bottom of the sea; (=en el lecho marino) on the sea bed

• sin fondo — bottomless

- tocar fondo

la economía tocó fondo y el gobierno tuvo que devaluar la moneda — the economy reached o hit rock bottom and the government had to devalue the currency

hemos tocado fondo y todo indica que la recuperación está muy próxima — the market has bottomed out and all the indications are that a recovery is just around the corner

2) [parte posterior] [de pasillo, calle, nave] end; [de habitación, armario] back

llegaron hasta el fondo de la gruta — they got to the back of the cave

• al fondo, su oficina está al fondo a la izquierda — her office is at the end on the left

al fondo del pasillo — at the end of the corridor

la barra está al fondo de la cafetería — the bar is at the (far) end of the cafe

había unas cortinas al fondo del escenario — at the back of the stage there were some curtains

3) (=profundidad) [de cajón, edificio, bañera] depth

¿cuánto tiene de fondo el armario? — how deep is the wardrobe?

• tener mucho fondo — to be deep

• tener poco fondo — [bañera] to be shallow; [cajón, armario] not to be deep enough

4) (=lo fundamental)

en el fondo de esta polémica late el miedo al cambio — at the heart o bottom of this controversy lies a fear of change

• la cuestión de fondo — the basic o fundamental issue

el problema de fondo — the basic o fundamental o underlying problem

• la forma y el fondo — form and content

• llegar al fondo de la cuestión — to get to the bottom of the matter
artículo 2)
5) (=segundo plano) background

verde sobre fondo rojo — green on a red background

la historia transcurre sobre un fondo de creciente inquietud social — the story takes place against a background of growing social unrest

• música de fondo — background music

• ruido de fondo — background noise

fondo de escritorio, fondo de pantalla — (Inform) (desktop) wallpaper

6)

• a fondo —

a) [como adj]

• una investigación a fondo — [policial] a thorough investigation; [de estudio] an in-depth study

• una limpieza a fondo — a thorough clean

una vez al mes hacemos una limpieza a fondo — once a month we do a really thorough clean

una limpieza a fondo de las fuerzas de seguridad — a thorough clean-up of the security forces

b) [como adv]

no conoce a fondo la situación del país — he does not have a thorough o an in-depth knowledge of the country's situation

la policía investigará a fondo lo ocurrido — the police will conduct a thorough investigation of what happened

he estudiado a fondo a los escritores del Siglo de Oro — I have studied Golden Age writers in great depth

aseguró que estudiaría a fondo nuestra propuesta — he promised to look closely at our proposal

• emplearse a fondo, tuvo que emplearse a fondo para disuadirlos — he had to use all his skill to dissuade them

el equipo deberá emplearse a fondo para derrotar a sus adversarios — the team will have to draw on all its resources to beat their opponents

• pisar a fondo el acelerador — to put one's foot down ( on the accelerator)

7)

• en el fondo —

a) (=en nuestro interior) deep down

en el fondo, es buena persona — deep down he's a good person, he's a good person at heart

• en el fondo de su corazón — in his heart of hearts, deep down

b) (=en realidad) really

lo que se debatirá en la reunión, en el fondo, es el futuro de la empresa — what is actually o really going to be debated in the meeting is the future of the company

la verdad es que en el fondo, no tengo ganas — to be honest, I really don't feel like it

en el fondo no quiere irse — when it comes down to it, he doesn't want to leave

c) (=en lo fundamental) fundamentally, essentially

en el fondo ambos sistemas son muy parecidos — fundamentally o essentially, both systems are very similar

8) (Dep)

• carrera de fondo — long-distance race

• esquí de fondo — cross-country skiing

• corredor de medio fondo — middle-distance runner

• pruebas de medio fondo — middle-distance events

fondo en carretera — long-distance road-racing

9) (=dinero) (Com, Econ) fund; [en póker, entre amigos] pot, kitty

tenemos un fondo para imprevistos — we have a contingency fund

contamos con un fondo de 150.000 euros para becas — we have at our disposal a budget of 150,000 euros for grants

hemos puesto un fondo para la comida — we have a kitty for the food

• a fondo perdido — [crédito, inversión] non-recoverable, non-refundable

subvención a fondo perdido — capital grant

su padre le ha prestado bastante dinero a fondo perdido — his father has given him quite a lot of money on permanent loan

fondo común — common fund

fondo consolidado — consolidated fund

fondo de amortización — sinking fund

Fondo de Ayuda al Desarrollo — Development Aid Fund

Fondo de Cohesión — Cohesion Fund

fondo de comercio — goodwill

Fondo de Compensación Interterritorial — system of financial redistribution between the autonomous regions of Spain

fondo de empréstitos — loan fund

fondo de inversión — investment fund

fondo de pensiones — pension fund

fondo de previsión — provident fund

fondo ético — (Econ) ethical investment fund

Fondo Monetario Internacional — International Monetary

fondo mutualista — mutual fund

10) pl fondos (=dinero) funds

• recaudar fondos — to raise funds

• estar sin fondos — to be out of funds, be broke *

cheque o talón sin fondos — bounced cheque, rubber check (EEUU)

el cheque no tenía fondos — the cheque bounced

fondos bloqueados — frozen assets

fondos públicos — public funds

fondos reservados — secret funds

11) (=reserva) [de biblioteca, archivo, museo] collection

el fondo de arte del museo — the museum's art collection

hay un fondo de verdad en lo que dice — there is a basis of truth in what he is saying

tiene un buen fondo de energías — he has boundless energy

fondo de armario — basic wardrobe

fondo editorial — list of titles

12) (=carácter) nature, disposition

de fondo jovial — of cheery o cheerful disposition, cheerful-natured

tiene un fondo de alegría — he is irrepressibly cheerful

tener buen fondo — to be good-natured

13) (Dep) (=resistencia) stamina

tener mucho fondo — to have a lot of stamina

tener poco fondo — to have no staying power

14) Chile, Méx, Ven [de comida, espectáculo]

como plato de fondo servirán pavo relleno — the main dish will be stuffed turkey

de fondo actuó el orfeón de carabineros — the main attraction was the police choir

15) Méx

• con o de fondo — serious

una película de fondo — a serious film

16) Méx, Ven (=combinación) petticoat

• medio fondo — slip

17) And (=finca) country estate

18) Chile (Culin) large pot ( to feed a large number of people)

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( parte más baja) bottom

el fondo del mar — the bottom of the sea

una maleta de doble fondo — a suitcase with a false bottom

no toco fondo — I can't touch the bottom

en el fondo de su corazón — deep down (in his heart)

llegaré al fondo de esta cuestión — I'll get to the bottom of this matter

hay un fondo de verdad en eso — there is an element of truth in that

b) (parte de atrás - de pasillo, calle) end; (- de habitación) back

siga hasta el fondo del pasillo — go to the end of the corridor

estaban al or en el fondo de la sala — they were at the back of the room

c) ( profundidad)

tiene poco fondo — it is not very deep

un cajón con más fondo — a deeper drawer

d) ( de edificio) depth

e) (en cuadro, fotografía) background

2)

a) (Lit) ( contenido) content

el fondo y la forma — the form and content

b) (Der)

una cuestión de fondo — a question of law

3) (Fin)

a) ( de dinero) fund

hacer un fondo común — to start a joint fund o (colloq) a kitty

b) fondos masculino plural ( dinero) money, funds (pl)

recaudar fondos — to raise money

un cheque sin fondos — a dud o (AmE) rubber check (colloq)

me dio un cheque sin fondos — the check he gave me bounced

estoy mal de fondos — (fam) I'm short of cash (colloq)

c)

a fondo perdido — <inversión/préstamo> non-refundable, non-recoverable

- fondo de amortización/inversión/pensiones/previsión

- Fondo Monetario Internacional

- fondos públicos

4) (Dep) ( en atletismo)

de fondo — <corredor/carrera/prueba> long-distance

5) (de biblioteca, museo) collection

- fondo editorial

6) (Méx) (Indum) slip, underskirt

7) (en locs)

a fondo — (loc adj) <estudio/investigación> in-depth; (loc adv) <prepararse/entrenar> thoroughly

una limpieza a fondo — a thorough clean

una reforma a fondo — a sweeping reform

conoce el área/tema a fondo — she knows the area/subject really well

de fondo — <ruido/música> background (before n); <error/discrepancia> fundamental

en el fondo: en el fondo no es malo deep down he's not a bad person; en el fondo nos llevamos bien we get on all right, really; fondo blanco! (AmL fam) bottoms up! (colloq); tener buen fondo to be a good person at heart; tocar fondo to bottom out; su credibilidad ha tocado fondo — his credibility has hit o reached rock bottom

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( parte más baja) bottom

el fondo del mar — the bottom of the sea

una maleta de doble fondo — a suitcase with a false bottom

no toco fondo — I can't touch the bottom

en el fondo de su corazón — deep down (in his heart)

llegaré al fondo de esta cuestión — I'll get to the bottom of this matter

hay un fondo de verdad en eso — there is an element of truth in that

b) (parte de atrás - de pasillo, calle) end; (- de habitación) back

siga hasta el fondo del pasillo — go to the end of the corridor

estaban al or en el fondo de la sala — they were at the back of the room

c) ( profundidad)

tiene poco fondo — it is not very deep

un cajón con más fondo — a deeper drawer

d) ( de edificio) depth

e) (en cuadro, fotografía) background

2)

a) (Lit) ( contenido) content

el fondo y la forma — the form and content

b) (Der)

una cuestión de fondo — a question of law

3) (Fin)

a) ( de dinero) fund

hacer un fondo común — to start a joint fund o (colloq) a kitty

b) fondos masculino plural ( dinero) money, funds (pl)

recaudar fondos — to raise money

un cheque sin fondos — a dud o (AmE) rubber check (colloq)

me dio un cheque sin fondos — the check he gave me bounced

estoy mal de fondos — (fam) I'm short of cash (colloq)

c)

a fondo perdido — <inversión/préstamo> non-refundable, non-recoverable

- fondo de amortización/inversión/pensiones/previsión

- Fondo Monetario Internacional

- fondos públicos

4) (Dep) ( en atletismo)

de fondo — <corredor/carrera/prueba> long-distance

5) (de biblioteca, museo) collection

- fondo editorial

6) (Méx) (Indum) slip, underskirt

7) (en locs)

a fondo — (loc adj) <estudio/investigación> in-depth; (loc adv) <prepararse/entrenar> thoroughly

una limpieza a fondo — a thorough clean

una reforma a fondo — a sweeping reform

conoce el área/tema a fondo — she knows the area/subject really well

de fondo — <ruido/música> background (before n); <error/discrepancia> fundamental

en el fondo: en el fondo no es malo deep down he's not a bad person; en el fondo nos llevamos bien we get on all right, really; fondo blanco! (AmL fam) bottoms up! (colloq); tener buen fondo to be a good person at heart; tocar fondo to bottom out; su credibilidad ha tocado fondo — his credibility has hit o reached rock bottom

* * *

fondo¹

¹ = background, backing, quid, crux, fundus.

Ex: In the background has often been the need, at a time of declining financial resources, to demonstrate the relevance of the library to all sectors of society and there can sometimes be detected an element of patronization.

Ex: A picture is a two-dimensional visual representation accessible to the naked eye and generally on an opaque backing.

Ex: The important moral crux at the heart of the novel 'The debt collector' is that the odds are stacked against the rehabilitation of violent criminals.

Ex: The crux of the process is the development of multiple models.

Ex: This is an extremely valuable clinical test that provides information about the circulatory system of the ocular fundus (the back of the eye) not attainable by routine examination.

* a fondo = fully, thoroughly, full-scale.

* al fondo (de) = at the bottom (of).

* artículo de fondo = feature article.

* corredor de fondo = long-distance runner.

* en el fondo = at heart, deep down, in the back of + Posesivo + mind, in the back of + Posesivo + head, at the back of + Posesivo + head, bottom line, the, in the bottom.

* en el fondo de = at the root of.

* esquiador de fondo = cross-country skier.

* esquí de fondo = cross-country skiing.

* fondo del mar = sea bottom, seafloor [sea floor], ocean floor, seabed [sea bed].

* fondo del océano = ocean bed, ocean floor.

* fondo marino = deep-sea floor.

* forma de doble fondo = double-faced mould.

* forma de un solo fondo = single-faced mould.

* forma de un solo fondo para papel verjurado = single-faced laid mould.

* limpiar a fondo = spring-clean, clear out.

* limpieza a fondo = spring cleaning.

* llegar al fondo de la cuestión = see to the + bottom of things.

* llegar al fondo de una Cuestión = get to + the bottom of, get to + the root of.

* mar de fondo = groundswell.

* material de fondo = backing.

* movimiento de fondo = groundswell.

* negro sobre fondo blanco = black on white.

* pez de fondo = groundfish, bottom fish.

* pozo sin fondo = bottomless pit.

* ruido de fondo = background noise.

* servir de telón de fondo = set + the backdrop.

* sin fondo = bottomless.

* telón de fondo = background, backdrop.

* teniendo como telón de fondo = against + background of.

* teniendo esto como telón de fondo = against this background.

* tocar fondo = bottom out, hit + rock-bottom, reach + rock-bottom, touch + rock bottom, strike + bottom.

fondo³

³ = backlist, stock, collection, stocking.

Ex: They not only provide detailed information about new books and those soon to be published, but also continue to list all of their books still in print (frequently called a ' backlist').

Ex: Consider, for example, the work of the shoe shop manager and the way he arranges his stock of shoes.

Ex: While there are a profusion of techniques in existence to gain access to the collections, there is no uniform system.

Ex: Because of the lack of stocking space, there are many products that we can order for next day pick-up.

* colección de fondos electrónicos = e-collection [electronic collection].

* colección de fondos locales = local history collection, local collection.

* con suficientes fondos = properly stocked.

* consultar los fondos = search + holdings.

* dotar de fondos a una biblioteca = stock + library.

* exceso de fondos = overstock.

* expurgo de fondos bibliográficos = collection weeding, stock weeding.

* fondo antiguo = antiquarian materials.

* fondo bibliográfico = bookstock [book stock].

* fondo circulante = circulating collection.

* fondo de acceso restringido = reserve collection.

* fondo de consulta en sala = reserve reading collection, reserve collection, reserve shelves, special reserve, reserve book room.

* fondo de lectura "formativo-recreativa" = browser collection.

* fondo de préstamo por horas = short-loan collection.

* fondo de recursos electrónicos de acceso restringido = electronic reserve.

* fondo de registros bibliográficos = bibliographic pool, bibliographic record pool.

* fondo de revistas = periodical holdings.

* fondo documental = document collection.

* fondo local = local material.

* fondos bibliográficos = holdings, stock.

* fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.

* fondos de acceso restringido = closed access collection, closed stacks, closed access stacks.

* fondos de la biblioteca = library's stock, library materials.

* fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.

* fondos de material audiovisual = AV holdings.

* fondos de publicaciones periódicas = serial holdings.

* fondos de revistas = journal holdings.

* fondos indioamericanos = American Indian materials.

* fondos integrados = integrated stock.

* fondos locales = local history material.

* fondos patrimoniales = heritage collection.

* ingresar en los fondos = accession.

* mención de fondos = holdings statement.

* provisto de buenos fondos = stockholding.

* renovación de fondos = turnover, stock turnover, turnover of stock.

* renovar fondos = turn over.

* replanteamiento de los fondos = stock revision.

* sección de fondos locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.

* sección para el fondo de consulta en sala = reserve room.

* selección de fondos = stock selection.

* * *

fondo

masculine

A

1 (parte más baja) bottom

el fondo del mar the bottom of the sea

el fondo de la cacerola/bolsa the bottom of the saucepan/bag

es muy profundo, no consigo tocar fondo it's very deep, I can't touch the bottom

en el fondo de su corazón deep down (in his heart)

tenemos que llegar al fondo de esta cuestión we must get to the bottom of this matter

hay un fondo de verdad en esa historia there is an element of truth in that story

hay en él un fondo de maldad there's a streak of maliciousness in him

bajo¹ (↑ bajo (1)), doble¹ (↑ doble (1))

2 (de un pasillo, una calle) end; (de una habitación) back

al fondo, a la derecha at the end, on the right

siga hasta el fondo del pasillo go to the end of the corridor

yo vivo justo al fondo de la calle I live right at the end of the street

encontró la carta al fondo del cajón he found the letter at the back of the drawer

estaban sentados al or en el fondo de la sala they were sitting at the back of the room

3

(profundidad): esta piscina tiene poco fondo this pool is not very deep o is quite shallow

necesito un cajón con más fondo I need a deeper drawer

4 (de un edificio) depth

el edificio tiene poca fachada pero mucho fondo the building has a narrow frontage but it goes back a long way

5 (en un cuadro, una fotografía) background

estampado blanco sobre fondo gris white print on gray background

Compuesto:

fondo de escritorio or pantalla

( Inf) wallpaper

B

1 ( Lit) (contenido) content

el fondo y la forma de una novela the form and content of a novel

2 ( Der):

una cuestión de fondo a question of law

C ( Fin)

1 (de dinero) fund

un fondo para las víctimas del siniestro a fund for the disaster victims

tenemos un fondo común para estas cosas we have a joint fund o ( colloq) a kitty for these things

2 fondos mpl (dinero) money, funds (pl)

recaudar fondos to raise money

reunió los fondos para la operación he raised the funds o money for the operation

no dispone de fondos suficientes en la cuenta he does not have sufficient funds o money in his account

un cheque sin fondos a dud o ( AmE) rubber check ( colloq)

me dio un cheque sin fondos the check he gave me bounced, he gave me a dud check, the bank would not honor the check he gave me ( frml)

el departamento no dispone de fondos para este fin the department does not have funds o money available for this purpose

los fondos están bloqueados the funds have been frozen

estoy mal de fondos ( fam); I'm short of cash ( colloq)

3

a fondo perdido ‹inversión/préstamo› non-refundable, non-recoverable

lo que pagas de alquiler es dinero a fondo perdido the money you spend on rent is money wasted o ( colloq) money down the drain

Compuestos:

● fondo de amortización

sinking fund

● fondo de capital inversión

venture capital fund

● fondo de capital (de) riesgo

venture capital fund

● fondo de comercio

goodwill

● fondo de fondos

( Fin) fund of funds

● fondo de garantía de depósitos

deposit guarantee fund

● fondo de huelga

strike fund

● fondo de inversión

investment fund

● fondo de inversión inmobiliaria

Real Estate Investment Trust, REIT

● fondo de inversión libre

hedge fund

● fondo de investigación

research fund

● fondo de pensiones

pension fund

● fondo de previsión

provident fund

● fondo de reptiles

slush fund

● fondo de solidaridad

fighting fund

● fondo referenciado

tracker fund

● Fondo de Cohesión

(UE) Cohesion Fund

● Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo

(UE) European Development Fund

● Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional

(UE) European Regional Development Fund

● Fondo Europeo de Orientación y de Garantía Agrícola

(UE) European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund

● Fondo Monetario Internacional

International Monetary Fund, IMF

● Fondo Social Europeo

(UE) European Social Fund

● fondos estructurales

mpl (UE) structural funds (pl)

● fondos públicos

mpl public funds (pl)

● fondos reservados

mpl secret funds (pl)

D ( Dep)

1

(en atletismo): de fondo ‹corredor/carrera/prueba› long-distance

medio¹ (↑ medio (1))

2 (en gimnasia) push-up, press-up ( BrE)

E (de una biblioteca, un museo) collection

Compuesto:

fondo editorial

list (of titles)

F (de una alcachofa) heart

G ( Méx) ( Indum) petticoat, underskirt

H ( en locs):

a fondo ( loc adj) ‹estudio/análisis/investigación› in-depth ( before n);

( loc adv) ‹prepararse/entrenar› thoroughly

esto necesita una limpieza a fondo this needs a thorough clean

una reforma a fondo de las instituciones a sweeping reform of the institutions

estudiar a fondo un problema to study a problem in depth

los próximos días deben ser aprovechados a fondo you/we must make full use of the next few days, you/we must use the next few days to the full

de fondo ‹ruido/música› background ( before n);

‹error/discrepancia› fundamental maquillaje

en fondo ( Mil) abreast

de cuatro en fondo four abreast

en el fondo: en el fondo no es malo deep down he's not a bad person

discutimos mucho, pero en el fondo nos llevamos bien we quarrel a lot but basically we get on all right o but we get on all right, really

¡fondo blanco! ( AmL fam); bottoms up! ( colloq)

tener buen fondoor no tener mal fondo to be a good person at heart, to have one's heart in the right place

tocar fondo: en el mes de abril el precio tocó fondo in April the price bottomed out

ya hemos tocado fondo y las cosas empiezan a ir mejor we seem to be past the worst now and things are beginning to go better

su credibilidad ha tocado fondo his credibility has hit o reached rock bottom

me voy a tener que volver porque ya estoy tocando fondo I'm going to have to go back because I'm down to my last few dollars ( o pesos etc)

I ( Chi) (olla grande) cauldron, large pot

* * *

fondo sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( parte más baja) bottom;

◊ el fondo del mar the bottom of the sea;

llegaré al fondo de esta cuestión I'll get to the bottom of this matter
b) ( parte de atrás — de pasillo, calle) end;

(— de habitación) back;
◊ al fondo de la sala at the back of the room

c) ( profundidad):

◊ tiene poco fondo it is not very deep

d) ( de edificio) depth

e) (en cuadro, fotografía) background

2 (Lit) ( contenido) content
3 (Fin)
a) ( de dinero) fund;

◊ hacer un fondo común to start a joint fund o (colloq) a kitty

b)

◊ fondos sustantivo masculino plural ( dinero) money, funds (pl);

recaudar fondos to raise money;
un cheque sin fondos a dud o (AmE) rubber check (colloq)
4 (Dep) ( en atletismo):
◊ de fondo ‹corredor/carrera/prueba› long-distance ( before n)

5 (Méx) (Indum) slip, underskirt
6 ( en locs)
◊ a fondo ( loc adj) ‹estudio/investigación› in-depth ( before n);

‹ limpieza› thorough;
( loc adv) ‹prepararse/entrenar› thoroughly;
◊ conoce el tema a fondo she knows the subject really well;

de fondo ‹ruido/música› background ( before n);
en el fondo: en el fondo nos llevamos bien we get on all right, really;
en el fondo no es malo deep down he's not a bad person
fondo sustantivo masculino
1 (parte más profunda) bottom
un doble fondo, a false bottom
2 (interior de una persona) en el fondo es muy tierno, deep down he's very gentle
3 (extremo opuesto) (de una habitación) back
(de un pasillo) end
4 (segundo plano) background
música de fondo, background music
mujer sobre fondo rojo, woman on a red background
5 (núcleo, meollo) essence, core
el fondo del asunto, the core of the matter
6 Prensa artículo de fondo, leading article
7 Dep corredor de fondo, long-distance runner
esquí de fondo, cross-country skiing
8 Fin fund: nos dio un cheque sin fondos, he gave us a bad cheque
familiar fondo común, kitty 9 bajos fondos, underworld
10 (conjunto de documentos, libros etc.) batch: los fondos documentales están en el sótano, the batches of documents are in the basement
♦ Locuciones: tocar fondo, Náut to touch bottom
figurado to reach rock bottom
a fondo, thoroughly
a fondo perdido, non-recoverable funds
' fondo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
esquí
- F.M.I.
- FMI
- FSE
- lecho
- revolverse
- sentar
- telón
- artículo
- barril
- bien
- carrera
- corredor
- crear
- cuestión
- doble
- maquillaje
- mar
English:
back
- backdrop
- background
- bed
- blunder
- board
- bottom
- bottom out
- bottomless
- clean out
- clear out
- cross-country
- dappled
- depth
- end
- extensive
- floor
- fund
- going-over
- groundswell
- heart
- IMF
- inch
- International Monetary Fund
- kitty
- long-distance
- mutual fund
- pool
- scrub down
- seabed
- sink
- spring-clean
- stuff away
- thoroughly
- thrash out
- underneath
- unit trust
- abreast
- clean
- closely
- deep
- deeply
- disaster
- float
- full
- further
- good
- heavy
- in-depth
- international

* * *

fondo nm

1. [parte inferior] bottom;

el fondo del mar the bottom of the sea;

fondos [de embarcación] bottom;

dar fondo [embarcación] to drop anchor;

echar a fondo [embarcación] to sink;

irse a fondo [embarcación] to sink, to founder;

sin fondo bottomless;

Comp
RP Fam
¡fondo blanco! bottoms up!;

Comp

tocar fondo [embarcación] to hit the bottom (of the sea/river);
[crisis] to bottom out;
su popularidad ha tocado fondo their popularity has reached an all-time low o rock bottom;

mi paciencia ha tocado fondo my patience has reached its limit

2. [de habitación, escenario] back;

al fondo de [calle, pasillo] at the end of;
[sala] at the back of;
el fondo de la pista the back of the court;

los baños están al fondo del pasillo, a la derecha the toilets are at the end of the corridor, on the right

3. [dimensión] depth;

un río de poco fondo a shallow river;

tener un metro de fondo to be one metre deep

4. [de cuadro, foto, tela] background;

quiero una tela de flores sobre fondo negro I'd like some material with a pattern of flowers on a black background;

al fondo in the background

5. [de alcachofa] heart

6. [de asunto, problema] heart, bottom;

el problema de fondo the underlying problem;

la cuestión de fondo the fundamental issue;

llegar al fondo de to get to the heart o bottom of;

el gobierno quiere llegar al fondo de la cuestión the government wants to get to the bottom of the matter;

en el fondo [en lo más íntimo] deep down;
[en lo esencial] basically;
en el fondo está enamorada de él deep down, she loves him;

en el fondo, no es mala persona deep down, she's not a bad person;

en el fondo tus problemas son los mismos basically, you have the same problems

7. [de una persona]
tener buen fondo to have a good heart;

tener mal fondo to be a Br nasty o US real piece of work

8. [de obra literaria] substance

9. [de dinero] fund;

a fondo perdido [préstamo] non-returnable;

no estamos dispuestos a invertir a fondo perdido we're not prepared to pour money down the drain;

fondos [capital] funds;

nos hemos quedado sin fondos our funds have run out;

un cheque sin fondos a bad cheque;

estar mal de fondos [persona] to be badly off;
[empresa] to be short of funds;
recaudar fondos to raise funds

Comp
Econ fondo de amortización sinking fund;
fondos bloqueados frozen funds;

fondo de cohesión cohesion fund;
Fin fondo de comercio goodwill;
fondo de compensación interterritorial interterritorial compensation fund;

fondo común kitty;

poner un fondo (común) to set up a kitty;
Fin fondo de crédito permanente evergreen fund;
fondo de emergencia contingency fund;
UE fondos estructurales structural funds; Fin fondo ético ethical fund; UE Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo European Development Fund; UE Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional European Regional Development Fund;
fondo de fideicomiso trust fund;
Fin fondo de garantía de depósitos deposit guarantee fund; Fin fondo de inversión investment fund; Fin fondo de inversión ético ethical investment fund;
fondo de inversión inmobiliaria real estate investment fund;

fondo de inversión mobiliaria Br trust fund, US mutual fund;

Fondo Monetario Internacional International Monetary Fund;

Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza World Wildlife Fund;
Econ fondo de pensiones pension fund;
fondos públicos public funds;
Fin fondo de renta fija non-equity fund, bond fund; Fin fondo de renta variable equity fund;
fondos reservados = contingency funds available to ministries, for which they do not have to account publicly;
Fin fondo rotativo revolving fund; UE Fondo Social Europeo European Social Fund;
fondo vitalicio life annuity

10. [fundamento] reason, basis;

sus acciones tienen siempre un fondo humanitario everything she does is for humanitarian reasons

11.
hacer algo a fondo [en profundidad] to do sth thoroughly;

hicimos una lectura a fondo we read it through carefully;

hacer una limpieza a fondo to have a thorough clean;

el juez ha ordenado una investigación a fondo the judge has ordered a full enquiry o an in-depth investigation;

emplearse a fondo to do one's utmost

12. [de biblioteca, archivo] catalogue, collection

Comp
fondo editorial backlist
13. Dep [resistencia física] stamina

14. Dep [larga distancia] long-distance running;

medio fondo middle-distance running;

carrera de fondo long-distance race;

esquí de fondo cross-country skiing;

de medio fondo middle-distance

Comp
fondo en carretera [ciclismo] road racing
15. Dep [ejercicio] push-up, Br press-up

16. Carib, Méx [prenda] petticoat

17. Cuba [caldero] cauldron

18. RP [patio] back patio

* * *

fondo

m

1 bottom;

doble fondo false bottom;

fondo marino seabed;

tocar fondo fig reach bottom;

los bajos fondos the underworld sg

2 ( profundidad) depth;

hacer una limpieza a fondo de algo give sth a thorough clean, clean sth thoroughly;

emplearse a fondo fig give one’s all;

ir al fondo de algo look at sth in depth;

en el fondo deep down

3 de sala, cuarto etc back; de pasillo end

4 PINT, FOT background;

música de fondo background music

5 de un museo etc collection

6 COM fund;

fondos pl money sg, funds;

a fondo perdido non-refundable;

sin fondos cheque dud

7 DEP

:

de medio fondo middle distance atr

8 ( disposición)

:

tiene buen fondo he’s got a good heart

* * *

fondo nm

1) : bottom

2) : rear, back, end

3) : depth

4) : background

5) : sea bed

6) : fund

fondo de inversiones: investment fund

7) Mex : slip, petticoat

8) fondos nmpl

: funds, resources

cheque sin fondos: bounced check

9)

a fondo : thoroughly, in depth

10)

en fondo : abreast

* * *

fondo n

1. (en general) bottom

en el fondo del mar at the bottom of the sea

2. (de calle, pasillo) end

al fondo del pasillo at the end of the corridor

3. (de habitación) back

al fondo de la sala at the back of the hall

4. (segundo término) background

a fondo in detail

estudiaremos el tema a fondo we'll study the subject in detail

en el fondo (en lo esencial) deep down (en realidad) basically

fondo marino seabed

Spanish-English dictionary > fondo
11 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

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   ■ The Military

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General. Historia do Exercito Portugues. Lisbon: Inquerito, 1945.

   ■ Kaulza de Arriaga, General. Guerra e Politica. Em nome da verdade. Os anos decisivos. Lisbon: Referendo, 1987.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, Jose. O Comportamento Politico dos Militares, Forcas Armadas e Regimes Politicos em Portugal no seculo XX. Lisbon: Estampa, 1992.

   ■ Pereira Marques, Fernando. Exercito e Sociedade em Portugal. No Declinio do Antigo Regime e advento do Liberalismo. Lisbon: Regra do Jogo, 1981.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm, 1977.

   ■ Ribeiro Dos Santos, Antonio Pedro. O Estado E A Order Publica. As Institui-coes Militares Portuguesas. Lisbon: Instituto Superior De Ciencias Sociais E Politicas, 1999.

   ■ Saraiva de Carvalho, Otelo. Alvorada em Abril. Amadora (Portugal): Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Compendio de Historia Militar e Naval de Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1931.

   ■ Spinola, Antonio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon: Arcadia, 1974.

   ■. Pais Sem Rumo. Contributo para a historia de uma Revolucao. Lisbon: Scire, 1978.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. Portugal e a Guerra. Historia das intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais do seculo XX. Lisbon: Ed. Colibri, 1999.

   ■. Coord., Nova Historia Militar de Portugal, 5 vols. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores, 2003-.

   ■ Valente, Vasco Pulido. O Poder e o Povo. A Revolucao de 1910. Lisbon: Moraes, 1976, 1982.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978, 1998.

   ■. A Ditadura Militar Portuguesa ( 1926-1933). Mem Martins: Europa- America, 1988.

   ■. "The Military and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1926-1974: "The Honor of the Army." In Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. 191-219. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Government and Politics since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. "Hidden Fluidity in an Ultra-Stable Party System." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 101-27. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel, ed. Sistema Eleitoral Portugües: Debate Político e Parlamentar. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/ Casa da Moeda, 1998.

   ■, ed. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." In Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer, 2000): 1-404.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., ed. Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997. Carlucci, Frank. "Confiei no Povo Portugues." Visao (Lisbon), April 10, 1997, 46-47.

   ■. "The View from the U.S. Embassy." In Hans Binnendijk, ed., Authoritarian Regimes in Transition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Service Institute, Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs, 1987.

   ■ Coelho, Mário Baptista, ed. Portugal. O Sistema Política a Constitucional, 1974-87. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, UNL, 1989.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antonio. "Settling Accounts with the Past in a Troubled Transition to Democracy: The Portuguese Case." In Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds., The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, 65-91. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Cruzeiro, Maria Manuela. Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.

   ■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.

   ■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth R., and Scott C. Monje, eds. Portugal: The Constitution and the Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-1989. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Camões Center Special Report No. 2, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. "The New Parliament in Portugal." Legislative Studies Quarterly, 3 (May 1978): 309-334.

   ■. "Local Government and Political Culture in a Portuguese Rural County." Comparative Politics 13 (April 1981): 271-89.

   ■. "Portugal's Administrative Elite: Social Origins and Political Attitudes." West European Politics 6 (Jan. 1983): 63-74.

   ■. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■ Pinto Balsemão, Francisco. "The Constitution and Politics: Options for the Future." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 197-232. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Sartori, Giovanni. "Portugal." In Sartori, G, ed., Parties and Party Systems. Vol. 1, 131-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Secretary of State for Mass Communications. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic [1976]. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Contemporary Portugal since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. A Ilusão do poder: Analise do Sistema Partidário, 19761982. Lisbon, 1983. Almeida, Diniz de. Orígens e Evolução do Movimento dos Capitães. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. Ascensao, Apogeu e Queda do MFA, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Alves, Márcio Moreira. Les Soldats Socialistes du Portugal. Paris: Gallimard, 1975.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. Sá Carneiro: Um Meteoro Nos Anos Setenta. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■. O Segredo do 25 de Novembro. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■ Arouca, Manuel. Os Filhos Da Costa Do Sol. Mem Martins, 1989. Audibert, Pierre, and Daniel Brignon. Portugal: Les nouveaux centurions. Paris, 1974.

   ■ Baptista, Jacinto. Caminhos para uma revolução. Lisbon, 1975. Barreto, Antônio. Memórias da Reforma Agrária. Mem Martins: Europa-Amé-rica, 1983.

   ■, and C. V. Preto, eds. A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.

   ■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.

   ■, coord. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer 2000): 1-404. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Popular Support for Democracy in Post-revolutionary Portugal: Results from a Survey." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 21-42. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. Politics and Nationhood: Post-Revolutionary Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1984.

   ■. "Portugal Fifteen Years after the April Revolution." Field Staff Reports ( 1989-90/ No. 1, Europe), 3-11. Indianapolis, Ind.: Universities Field Staff International, 1990.

   ■, and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Carvalho, Ortelo Saraiva de. Cinco Meses Mudaram Portugal. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

   ■ Costa Lobo, Marina, and Pedro C. Magalhaes. "From 'Third Wave' to 'Third Way': Europe and the Portuguese Socialists (1975-1999)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 1 (2001), 25-35.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

   ■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.

   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.

   ■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.

   ■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

   ■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

   ■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.

   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

   ■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

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   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

   ■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.

   ■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.

   ■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.

   ■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.

   ■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.

   ■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.

   ■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.

   ■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

   ■ Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira

   ■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.

   ■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.

   ■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.

   ■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.

   ■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.

   ■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.

   ■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.

   ■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.

   ■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.

   ■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.

   ■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.

   ■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.

   ■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.

   ■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.

   ■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.

   ■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.

   ■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.

   ■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.

   ■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.

   ■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).

   ■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).

   ■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.

   ■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.

   ■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.

   ■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.

   ■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

   ■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.

   ■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.

   ■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.

   ■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Religion and Catholic Church

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.

   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.

   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Moreira da Fonseca, A. Port Wine: Notes on Its History, Production and Technology. Oporto, 1981.

   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
12 way

way [weɪ]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

2. adverb

3. compounds

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

   a. ( = route) chemin m

• to ask the way demander son chemin (to pour aller à)

• we went the wrong way nous avons pris le mauvais chemin

• a piece of bread went down the wrong way j'ai (or il a etc) avalé de travers

• we met several people on the way nous avons rencontré plusieurs personnes en chemin

• to lose one's way se perdre

• to make one's way towards... se diriger vers...

• he had to make his own way in Hollywood il a dû se faire sa place à Hollywood

► the way to ( = route to)

can you tell me the way to the tourist office? pouvez-vous m'indiquer le chemin du syndicat d'initiative ?

• I know the way to the station je sais comment aller à la gare

• on the way to London we met... en allant à Londres nous avons rencontré...

• it's on the way to the station c'est sur le chemin de la gare► to be on the way ( = to be coming)

he's on his way il arrive

• more snow is on the way d'autres chutes de neige sont prévues

• she's got twins, and another baby on the way (inf) elle a des jumeaux, et un bébé en route (inf)► the/one's way back/down

• on the way back he met... en revenant il a rencontré...

• he made his way back to the car il est retourné vers la voiture

• I met her on the way down je l'ai rencontrée en descendant

• inflation is on the way down l'inflation est en baisse► the way forward

• they held a meeting to discuss the way forward ils ont organisé une réunion pour discuter de la marche à suivre

• is monetary union the way forward? l'union monétaire est-elle la voie du progrès ?► the way in

• I saw her on the way in je l'ai vue à l'entrée► the way out la sortie

• I'll find my own way out ne vous dérangez pas, je trouverai (bien) la sortie

• you'll see it on the way out vous le verrez en sortant

• there's no other way out il n'y a pas d'autre solution

• there is no way out of this difficulty il n'y a pas moyen d'éviter cette difficulté► a way round

• we're trying to find a way round it nous cherchons un moyen d'éviter ce problème

   b. ( = path) their way was blocked by police la police leur barrait le passage

• to push one's way through a crowd se frayer un chemin à travers une foule

• he tried to talk his way out of it il a essayé de s'en sortir avec de belles paroles

► in the/sb's way

• to be in the way (physically) barrer le passage ; (causing problems) gêner

• am I in your way? est-ce que je vous empêche de passer ?

• to put difficulties in sb's way créer des difficultés à qn► out of the/sb's way

• to get out of the way s'écarter

• (get) out of the or my way! laisse-moi passer !

• to keep out of sb's way ( = avoid them) éviter qn

• as soon as I've got the exams out of the way (inf) dès que les examens seront finis

• I'll take you home, it's not out of my way je vous ramènerai, c'est sur mon chemin

• he went out of his way to help us il s'est donné du mal pour nous aider► to make way for

• they made way for the ambulance ils se sont rangés pour laisser passer l'ambulance

• this made way for a return to democracy ceci a ouvert la voie au rétablissement de la démocratie

   c. ( = distance) a little way off pas très loin

• he stood some way off il se tenait à l'écart

• is it far? -- yes, it's a quite a way (inf) c'est loin ? -- oui, il y a un bon bout de chemin (inf)

• to be a long way away être loin

• that's a long way from the truth c'est loin d'être vrai

• is it finished? -- not by a long way! est-ce terminé ? -- loin de là !

• they've come a long way (figurative) ils ont fait du chemin

• we've got a long way to go (long journey) nous avons beaucoup de chemin à faire ; ( = still far from our objective) nous ne sommes pas au bout de nos peines ; ( = not got enough) nous sommes encore loin du compte

• this spice is expensive, but a little goes a long way cette épice est chère mais on n'a pas besoin d'en mettre beaucoup

• it should go a long way towards improving relations between the two countries cela devrait améliorer considérablement les relations entre les deux pays

► all the way ( = the whole distance)

he had to walk all the way (to the hospital) il a dû faire tout le chemin à pied (jusqu'à l'hôpital)

• he talked all the way to the theatre il a parlé pendant tout le chemin jusqu'au théâtre

• I'm with you all the way (inf) ( = entirely agree) je suis entièrement d'accord avec vous

• I'll be with you all the way ( = will back you up) je vous soutiendrai jusqu'au bout

   d. ( = direction) are you going my way? est-ce que vous allez dans la même direction que moi ?

• he went that way il est parti par là

• which way did he go? dans quelle direction est-il parti ?

• which way do we go from here? (which direction) par où allons-nous maintenant ? ; (what shall we do) qu'allons-nous faire maintenant ?

• he looked the other way il a regardé ailleurs

• he ran this way and that il courait dans tous les sens

• there aren't many parks round our way (inf) il n'y a pas beaucoup de parcs par chez nous

• it's out or over Oxford way (inf) c'est du côté d'Oxford

• the loot was split three ways le butin a été divisé en trois

   e. ( = manner) façon f

• this/that way comme ceci/cela

• what an odd way to behave! quelle drôle de façon de se comporter !

• to do sth the right/wrong way bien/mal faire qch

• do it your own way fais comme tu veux

• everyone helped one way or another tout le monde a aidé d'une façon ou d'une autre

• he has his own way of doing things il a une façon bien à lui de faire les choses

• way to go! (inf!) bravo !

• that's just the way he is il est comme ça, c'est tout

• it's just the way things are c'est la vie !

• to get or have one's own way en faire à son idée

• I won't let him have things all his own way je ne vais pas le laisser faire tout ce qu'il veut

• you can't have it both ways il faut choisir

• there are no two ways about it (inf) il n'y a pas à tortiller (inf)

• your jersey is the wrong way out ton pull est à l'envers

• he didn't hit her, it was the other way round ce n'est pas lui qui l'a frappée, c'est le contraire

• "this way up" « haut »

• the right way up dans le bon sens

• the wrong way up à l'envers

► in a big way (inf)

he furthered my career in a big way il a beaucoup contribué à faire progresser ma carrière

• soccer is taking off in the States in a big way le football connaît un véritable essor aux États-Unis► no way! (inf) pas question !

• no way am I doing that (il n'est) pas question que je fasse ça

• I'm not paying, no way! je refuse de payer, un point c'est tout !

• will you come? -- no way! tu viens ? -- pas question !

• there's no way that's champagne! ce n'est pas possible que ce soit du champagne !

   f. ( = method, technique) solution f

• the best way is to put it in the freezer for ten minutes le mieux, c'est de le mettre au congélateur pendant dix minutes

• we'll find a way of doing it nous trouverons bien un moyen de le faire

• that's the way to do it voilà comment il faut faire

• that's the way! (inf) voilà, c'est bien !

► to have a way with

• he has a way with people il sait s'y prendre avec les gens

• he has a way with cars il s'y connaît en voitures

• to have a way with words manier les mots avec bonheur

   g. ( = situation, nature) that's always the way c'est toujours comme ça

• it's the way of the world! ainsi va le monde !

• to be in a bad way (inf) aller mal

   h. ( = habit) to get into/out of the way of doing sth prendre/perdre l'habitude de faire qch

• don't be offended, it's just his way ne vous vexez pas, il est comme ça, c'est tout

• I know his little ways je connais ses petites habitudes

• they didn't like his pretentious ways ils n'aimaient pas ses manières prétentieuses

• to mend one's ways s'amender

   i. ( = respect, particular) in some ways à certains égards

• in more ways than one à plus d'un titre

• he's right in a way il a raison dans un certain sens

• he's in no way to blame ce n'est vraiment pas de sa faute

• "I'm superstitious", she said by way of explanation « je suis superstitieuse », dit-elle en guise d'explication

• what is there in the way of kitchen utensils? qu'est-ce qu'il y a comme ustensiles de cuisine ?

2. adverb

• way down below tout en bas

• way up in the sky très haut dans le ciel

• you're way out in your calculations (inf) tu as fait une grosse erreur dans tes calculs

• it's way too big c'est beaucoup trop grand

• it's way past your bedtime ça fait longtemps que tu devrais être au lit

3. compounds

► way of life noun mode m de vie

• the French way of life le mode de vie des Français

• such shortages are a way of life de telles pénuries font partie de la vie de tous les jours ► way-out (inf) adjective excentrique

► ways and means plural noun moyens mpl ( of doing sth de faire qch)

► way station noun (US) petite gare f ; (figurative = stage) étape f

* * *
[weɪ] 1.
noun

1) (route, road) chemin m ( from de; to à)

to live over the way — (colloq) habiter en face

the quickest way to town — le chemin le plus court pour aller en ville

if we go this way — si nous prenons cette route

to ask the way to — demander le chemin pour aller à

how did that find its way in here? — comment est-ce que c'est arrivé ici?

the way ahead — lit le chemin devant moi/eux etc

the way ahead looks difficult — fig l'avenir s'annonce difficile

there is no way around the problem — il n'y a pas moyen de contourner le problème

on the way back — sur le chemin du retour

on the way back from the meeting — en revenant de la réunion

the way forward — fig la clé de l'avenir

the way in — l'entrée (to de)

‘way in’ — ‘entrée’

the way out — la sortie (of de)

the quickest way out is through here — c'est par ici que l'on sort le plus vite

there's no way out — fig il n'y a pas d'échappatoire

a way out of our difficulties — un moyen de nous sortir de nos difficultés

the way up — la montée

on the way — en route

we're on the way to Mary's — nous allons chez Mary

on the way past — en passant

I'm on my way — j'arrive

on your way through town — en traversant la ville

his house is on your way to town — tu passes devant chez lui en allant au centre-ville

I must be on my way — il faut que je parte

to go on one's way — se remettre en route

to send somebody on his way — ( tell to go away) envoyer promener quelqu'un (colloq)

to be well on the ou one's way to doing — être bien parti pour faire

to be on the way out — fig passer de mode

she's got four kids and another one on the way — (colloq) elle a quatre gosses et un autre en route (colloq)

to be out of somebody's way — ne pas être sur le chemin de quelqu'un

don't go out of your way to do — ne t'embête pas à faire

to go out of one's way to make somebody feel uncomfortable — tout faire pour que quelqu'un se sente mal à l'aise

out of the way — ( isolated) isolé; ( unusual) extraordinaire

along the way — lit en chemin; fig en cours de route

by way of — ( via) en passant par

to go the way of somebody/something — finir comme quelqu'un/quelque chose

to make one's way towards — se diriger vers

to make one's way along — avancer le long de

to make one's own way there — se débrouiller seul pour y arriver

to lie one's way out of trouble — se sortir d'affaire en mentant

2) ( direction) direction f, sens m

which way did he go? — dans quelle direction est-il parti?

he went that way — il est parti par là

come ou step this way — suivez-moi, venez par ici

‘this way for the zoo’ — ‘vers le zoo’

‘this way up’ — ‘haut’

to look this way and that — regarder dans toutes les directions

to look the other way — ( to see) regarder de l'autre côté; ( to avoid unpleasant thing) détourner les yeux; fig ( to ignore) fermer les yeux

to go every which way — partir dans tous les sens

the other way up — dans l'autre sens

the right way up — dans le bon sens

the wrong way up — à l'envers

to turn something the other way around — retourner quelque chose

I didn't ask her, it was the other way around — ce n'est pas moi qui lui ai demandé, c'est l'inverse

the wrong/right way around — dans le mauvais/bon sens

you're Ben and you're Tom, is that the right way around? — tu es Ben, et toi tu es Tom, c'est bien ça?

if you're ever down our way — si jamais tu passes près de chez nous

she's coming our way — elle vient vers nous

an opportunity came my way — une occasion s'est présentée

to put something somebody's way — (colloq) filer quelque chose à quelqu'un (colloq)

everything's going my way — tout me sourit

3) (space in front, projected route) passage m

to be in somebody's way — empêcher quelqu'un de passer

to be in the way — gêner le passage

she won't let anything get in the way of her ambition — elle ne laissera rien entraver son ambition

to get out of the way — s'écarter (du chemin)

to get out of somebody's way — laisser passer quelqu'un

put that somewhere out of the way — mets ça quelque part où ça ne gêne pas

out of my way! — pousse-toi!

get him out of the way before the boss gets here! — fais-le disparaître d'ici avant que le patron arrive!

once the election is out of the way — une fois les élections passées

to keep out of the way — rester à l'écart

to keep out of somebody's way — éviter quelqu'un

to keep somebody out of somebody's way — ( to avoid annoyance) tenir quelqu'un à l'écart de quelqu'un

to keep something out of somebody's way — (to avoid injury, harm) garder quelque chose hors de portée de quelqu'un

to make way — s'écarter

to make way for somebody/something — faire place à quelqu'un/quelque chose

4) ( distance) distance f

it's a long way — c'est loin (to jusqu'à)

to be a short way off — lit être près

my birthday is still some way off — mon anniversaire est encore loin

we still have some way to go before doing — lit, fig nous avons encore du chemin à faire avant de faire

to go all the way to China — faire tout le voyage jusqu'en Chine

I'm with you ou behind you all the way — je suis de tout cœur avec toi

5) ( manner) façon f, manière f

do it this/that way — fais-le comme ceci/cela

let me explain it another way — laisse-moi t'expliquer autrement

to do something the French way — faire quelque chose comme les Français

to do something the right/wrong way — faire bien/mal quelque chose

you're going about it the wrong way — tu t'y prends très mal

try to see it my way — mets-toi à ma place

in his/her/its own way — à sa façon

to have a way with something — s'y connaître en quelque chose

to have a way with children — savoir s'y prendre avec les enfants

she certainly has a way with her — (colloq) GB elle sait décidément s'y prendre avec les gens

a way of doing — ( method) une façon or manière de faire; ( means) un moyen de faire

to my way of thinking — à mon avis

that's the way to do it! — voilà comment il faut s'y prendre!

that's the way! — voilà, c'est bien!

what a way to run a company! — en voilà une façon de gérer une entreprise!

I like the way he dresses — j'aime la façon dont il s'habille

whichever way you look at it — de quelque façon que tu envisages les choses

either way, she's wrong — de toute façon, elle a tort

one way or another — d'une façon ou d'une autre

one way and another it's been rather eventful — tout compte fait ça a été assez mouvementé

I don't care one way or the other — ça m'est égal

no two ways about it — cela ne fait aucun doute

you can't have it both ways — on ne peut pas avoir le beurre et l'argent du beurre

no way! — (colloq) pas question! (colloq)

6) (respect, aspect) sens m

in a way it's sad — en un sens c'est triste

in a way that's true — dans une certaine mesure c'est vrai

can I help in any way? — puis-je faire quoi que ce soit?

in every way possible — dans la mesure du possible

in many ways — à bien des égards

in some ways — à certains égards

in no way, not in any way — aucunement

this is in no way a criticism — cela n'est en aucune façon une critique

not much in the way of news — il n'y a pas beaucoup de nouvelles

what have you got in the way of drinks? — qu'est-ce que vous avez comme boissons?

by way of light relief — en guise de divertissement

7) (custom, manner) coutume f, manière f

that's the modern way — c'est la coutume d'aujourd'hui

I know all her little ways — je connais toutes ses petites habitudes

that's just his way — il est comme ça

it's the way of the world — c'est la vie

8) (will, desire)

to get one's way —

to have one's own way — faire à son idée

she likes (to have) her own way — elle aime n'en faire qu'à sa tête

if I had my way... — si cela ne tenait qu'à moi...

have it your (own) way — comme tu voudras
2.
adverb

we went way over budget — le budget a été largement dépassé

to be way out — (in guess, estimate) être loin du compte

to go way beyond what is necessary — aller bien au-delà de ce qui est nécessaire

that's way out of order — je trouve ça un peu fort
3.
by the way adverbial phrase en passant

by the way,... — à propos,...

what time is it, by the way? — quelle heure est-il, au fait?

but that's just by the way — mais ce n'est qu'une parenthèse

English-French dictionary > way
13 Committee

- Committee for Economic Development

- Committee for Reciprocity Information

- Committee on Improvement of National Statistics

- Committee on Interest and Dividends

- Committee on National Resources

- Committee on Paperless Entry

- Committee on Population Problems

- Committee on Population Statistics

- Committee on State and Local Government Cooperation

- Committee on Stock List

- Committee on the Censuses of Production and Distribution

- Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures

- Committee of London Clearing Bankers

- Accepting Houses Committee

- Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Programmes in Demographic Aspects of Economic Development

- Ad Hoc Committee of the Board of Governors on Reform of the International Monetary System and Related Issues

- Appropriation Committee

- Birth Control Investigation Committee

- Capital Issues Committee

- Census of Production Advisory Committee

- Coordinating Committee for East-West Trade

- Emergency Committee for Full Funding of Educational Programs

- European Committee of Sugar Manufacturers

- Federal Open Market Committee

- Foreign Exchange Control Committee

- House Appropriation Committee

- Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration

- Interim Coordinating Committee for International Commodity Arrangements

- International Committee for Recording the Productivity of Milk Animals

- International Cotton Advisory Committee

- International Dairy Committee

- International Permanent Committee on Canned Foods

- International Standing Committee on Physiology and Pathology of Animal Reproduction

- International Tea Committee

- Machine Tool Economic Development Committee

- Mac-Millan Committee

- National Committee on Maternal Health

- National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics

- National Security Committee

- Open Market Committee

- Population Investigation Committee

- Special Committee on the Financial Situation of the United Nations

- Stock Exchange Committee

- Temporary National Economic Committee

- Transportation Allocations, Priorities and Controls Committee

- United Nations Committee on Commodities

- United Nations/FAO Intergovernmental Committee of the World Food Programme

- Whitley Committees

Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > Committee
14 арабский

1. arab

арабский язык — Arabic

арабский мир — arab world

арабский шрифт — Arabic type

арабское колесо — Arab wheel

арабская страна — arab country

2. arabic

арабская цифра — Arabic figure

арабское единство — arab unity

Арабские Эмираты — arab emirates

арабские страны — arab countries

арабские цифры — Arabic numerals

3. Arabian; Arabic; Arab

Лига арабских стран — arab league

арабское государство — arab state

арабские цифры — Arabic numerals

арабский алфавит — Arabic alphabet

арабские государства — Arab nations

4. Arabic

лидеры арабских стран — arab leaders

столицы арабских стран — arab capitals

арабское колесо с прыжка — dive arab wheel

Арабский валютный фонд — Arab Monetary Fund

положение в арабских странах — arab situation

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > арабский

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

world monetary situation

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

world monetary situation

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